Mutations

A. Substitutions
1. Silent mutation
-no effect on overall structure
-e.g. UUU and UUC both code for Phe
2. Missense mutation
-code for a different type of amino acid
e.g. UUU-->UUG       Phe-->Leu
3. Nonsense mutation
-amino acid to non-functioning protein/early stop
-e.g. UAC-->UAG     Tyr-->Stop

Example:
Wildtype: AUG CUU UGC CCU UAA
                  M       L      C       P    stop
Missense: AUG CUU UGG CCU UAA
                  M       L       T      P
Nonsense: AUG CUU UGA CCU UAA
                   M      L     stop

B. Frameshifts
4. Insertion
-addition of nucleotide(s)
5. Deletion
-loss of nucleotide(s)

Example:
Wildtype: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
Insertion: THE FAR TCA TAT ETH ERA T
Deletion: THE FAC ATA TET HER AT