C4 Plants vs Cam Plants

Similarities

-can grow in hot and dry environments

-involve PEP carboxylase

-organic acids are produced before Calvin Cycle takes place

Differences

-Stomata in CAM plants can only open during nighttime while those in C4 plants can open whenever CO2 is needed

-In C4 plants, first part of carbon fixation and Calvin Cycle occur in mesophyll cell and bundle-sheath cell respectively. In CAM plants, the 2 processes occur in stroma.

-In C4 plants, first part of carbon fixation and Calvin cycle take place through out the whole day. In CAM plants, carbon fixation occurs during the night and Calvin Cycle occurs during the day.

*I stole the results from michael yu*

0.2M HCl
0.1NaOH
cylinder volume= 600mL
-->reads 0mL
V=volume (mL), t=time (seconds)
--------------------------------------
30% concentration NaOH
initial cylinder reading: 200mL
  V     t
350 , 23
400, 33
450, 44
500, 63
530, 98
550, 105
570, 136
-------------------------------------
50% NaOH
initial cylinder reading:175mL
300, 7
350, 34
425, 60
450, 66
500, 78
525, 100
------------------------------------
70% NaOH
initial cylinder reading:75mL
  V    t
100, 4
150, 18
200, 26
250, 34
300, 43
350, 56
400, 70
450, 94
580, 123
-----------------------------------
Control Group, pH 7
initial cylinder reading: 150mL
  V    t
200, 3
250, 7
300, 10
-----------------------------------
50% HCl
initial cylinder reading: 190mL
  V    t
350, 3
400, 6
450, 11
500, 14
550, 20

Proteins

-chains of amino acids
-NH2 on one end; COOH on the other
-peptide linkage

Types:
i. Primary
ii. Secondary
-folded from primary
-helix
-pleated sheet
iii. Tertiary
-folded from secondary
-globular proteins
iv. Quaternary
-folded from tertiary

Types of amino acids:
i. Essential-->must be taken from food
ii. Non-essential-->made by the body

Entropy.

According to the Second Law of of Thermodynamics, the degree of randomness increases in the universe.

Randomness can be:

-a change in state (solid to liquid/gas or liquid to gas)

-a change in energy form

-a change in number of particles

Examples:

-redox reactions

-formation of steam

*Energy goes downhill.

Whenever there is a spontaneous reaction, there must be an increase in entropy.

Exothermic reactions: heat is released-->entropy increases

Endothermic reactions: heat is absorbed (energy is required)-->entropy decreases

Carboydrates

Chemical formula: (CH2O)n

Types:
i. Monosaccharides
Aldoses --> Aldehydes
Ketoses --> Ketones
Hexose --> 6-carbon ring
-5-sided ring (e.g. glucose)
-6-sided ring (e.g. fructose)
-"chairs" are more stable than "boats" because oxygens (reaction sites) in "chairs" are far away from each other
examples:
-glucose, fructose, galactose
ii. Disaccharides
formed when two monosaccharides react
examples:
-maltose, lactose, sucrose
iii. Polysaccharides
chain of monosaccharides
examples:
-amylose, amylopectin (has 2 branches), glycogen (has more branches than amylopectin), cellulose (network of glucose; component of cell walls)
iv. Oligosaccharides

Types of reactions:
i. Condensation/Dehydration
R-OH + HO-R' --> R-O-R' + H2O
Water is produced.
Glycosidic bond is formed.
examples:
glucose + glucose --> maltose + water
glucose + galactose --> lactose + water
ii. Hydrolysis
R-O-R' + H2O --> R-OH + HO-R'
example:
sucrose + water --> glucose + fructose